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Among the first research journals was the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society in the 17th century. At that time, the act of publishing academic research has been controversial and widely flouted. It was not at all unusual for a new discovery to be announced as an anagram, reserving priority for the discoverer,

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but indecipherable for anyone not in the secret: both Isaac Newton and Leibniz used this approach. However, this method does not work well. Robert K. Merton, sociologist revealed that 92% of cases the simultaneous discovery of the late 17th century in dispute. The number of conflicts has dropped to 72% in the 18th century, 59% by the second half of the 19th century,

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and 33% in the first half of the 20th century. The decline of disputed claims of priority in the discovery Research can be attributed to the growing acceptance of the publication of articles in academic journals modern.

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The Royal Society was steadfast in his belief is not popular science could move forward through a transparent and open exchange of ideas backed by experimental evidence.

[Edit] Publishers and commercial aspects

In the 1960s and 1970s, commercial publishers have begun to selectively acquire top-quality " journals that have been previously published by nonprofit corporations academics. Because of the inelastic demand for these journals, commercial publishers lost little market when they raised prices significantly. Although there are more than 2,000 publishers, three companies profit (Reed Elsevier, Springer Science + Business Media, and John Wiley & Sons) represent 42% of published articles. What data are available indicate that these firms have high profit margins, especially compared to smaller publishers who may operate with low margins [1]. These factors have contributed to the crisis "in series" – from 1986-2005, the number of sets purchased has increased an average of 1.9% per year while that total spending increased 7.6% range per year [2].

Unlike most industries, in publishing academic two most important inputs are provided "almost free". [1] These articles and the process of peer review. The editors argue they add value to the publishing process through a support group of peer review, including salaries, as well as the composition, printing, publishing and web. Investment analysts, however, were skeptical of the value added by publishers for profit, as illustrated by a 2005 analysis by Deutsche Bank which stated that "we believe the editor adds little value to the publication process "[1].

[Edit] Crisis

A crisis in academic publishing is "widely seen" [3], the crisis was apparent to do with the combined pressure of budget cuts in universities and higher costs for journals (the crisis in series). Cutbacks have reduced the university library budgets and cuts in subsidies to publishers affiliated to universities. The discipline of the humanities has been particularly affected by pressures on academic publishers, who are less able to publish monographs in which libraries can not afford to purchase monographs. For example, the ARL has found that in "1986, libraries spent 44% of their budgets on pounds compared to 56% on magazines, twelve years later, the report was biased to 28% and 72%. "[3] Meanwhile, the monographs are increasingly expected tenure in the humanities

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